This study examines the impact of tax structure on economic growth and investment dynamics, focusing on how different types of taxation influence key macroeconomic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), investment levels, and consumption patterns. The research highlights that taxation plays a dual role in economic systems: while it provides essential public revenues for financing infrastructure, education, and technological development, it can also impose constraints on private sector activity if designed inefficiently. The paper analyzes the effects of income taxes, corporate taxes, and consumption-based taxes, demonstrating that high tax burdens may negatively affect investment incentives and labor supply, whereas well-structured tax systems can support sustainable economic growth. Empirical analysis based on correlation and regression models indicates that investment has a strong positive relationship with GDP growth, while excessive taxation shows a moderate negative effect. However, the findings also reveal that consumption taxes such as value-added tax (VAT) have a less distortive impact on economic performance compared to income-based taxes. Additionally, government expenditure financed through tax revenues—particularly in infrastructure and human capital—plays a crucial role in enhancing long-term productivity and economic stability. The study further emphasizes the importance of tax policy design, institutional quality, and fiscal efficiency in shaping economic outcomes. Comparative analysis across different economic models suggests that balanced tax systems, combined with effective public spending, can achieve both economic growth and social equity. The results provide important policy implications, indicating that governments, particularly, should prioritize efficient tax structures, promote investment-friendly environments, and ensure transparency and stability in fiscal policy to foster sustainable economic development.