Mathematics education in the 21st century is experiencing significant transformation due to rapid technological advancements and evolving pedagogical practices. This review paper examines key developments in mathematics education, focusing on the shift from traditional teaching methods to student-centered approaches that promote critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and problem-solving skills. The study highlights the growing role of STEM integration and the use of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, gamification, and online learning platforms, in enhancing student engagement and personalized learning experiences. Furthermore, it discusses major challenges such as teacher preparedness, unequal access to technological resources, and the limitations of traditional assessment systems in evaluating higher-order thinking skills. The review also emphasizes the need for continuous professional development and inclusive educational strategies to ensure effective learning outcomes.