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ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Frequency as the Ontological Primitive and Time as an Emergent Consequence: Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)

Authors: Thakur, Soumendra Nath;

Frequency as the Ontological Primitive and Time as an Emergent Consequence: Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)

Abstract

This work presents a structured formulation of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) in which frequency (f) is established as the fundamental ontological parameter governing physical reality, while time (t) is treated as an emergent consequence of phase evolution rather than a pre-existing coordinate. The framework departs from the conventional interpretation f = 1/T by asserting that frequency is intrinsic and time is derived. Within this perspective, the relation E = hf is reinterpreted as a physical identity indicating that energy itself is a manifestation of frequency-governed phase dynamics. Consequently, temporal intervals arise from the accumulation of phase, expressed through t ∝ ϕ/f, making time a measurable outcome of underlying dynamical processes. The formulation further provides a coherent reinterpretation of established physical phenomena. Effects traditionally attributed to spacetime structure—such as time dilation—are described in ECM as consequences of frequency variation in physical systems, rather than geometric deformation. Similarly, cosmological observations such as redshift are interpreted as frequency shifts (Δf), offering an alternative description of cosmic evolution. By grounding physical description in operationally definable quantities—frequency, phase, and energy—this approach establishes a unified framework in which: Phase evolution governs dynamics, Energy expresses frequency, Time emerges from measurable phase progression. This perspective aims to address foundational inconsistencies by removing the assumption of time as an independent background parameter and instead treating it as a derived, system-dependent observable rooted in frequency dynamics.

Keywords

Emergent Time, E = hf Interpretation, Non-Relativistic Time Interpretation, Apparent Mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ), Frequency-Based Physics, Time Deviation, Frequency-Governed Dynamics, Energy–Frequency Relation, Thermionic Emission (ECM), Unified Physical Framework, Deterministic Energy Transformation, Frequency Ontology, Phase-Based Time, Phase Evolution, Frequency Shift (Δf), ECM Time Theory, Ontological Frequency Model, Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), Cosmological Redshift Alternative, Mass Redistribution (ΔMᴍ)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green