The architecture of the ancient Levant is characterized by the use of various building materials, including stone, wood, plaster, lime, mud, and brick. Despite the diversity of raw materials in the environment, such as the availability of wood and stone in much of the East, enormous structures were built in early historical periods using mud and brick. The ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the great palaces of Syria, as well as fortifications and glacis, were constructed of brick. The royal palace of King Zimri-Lim, for example, which covers 3 hectares, was built entirely of mud and brick. The palaces of Qatna from the 2nd millennium BCE (including the royal palace, which covers an area of 16,500 m²) represent further examples of monumental architecture in mud and brick. It is worth noting that clay and brick construction techniques underwent several stages of evolution before culminating in the production of architecture of such scale. Furthermore, the use of these materials was not limited to construction; they were also employed in decoration, using a variety of complex techniques, particularly on the facades of important buildings. In this research, we focus on mud and brick construction techniques in the ancient Levant. We aim to shed light on the initial use of these materials and their technical qualities in construction. We also dedicate ourselves to studying their evolution from their first applications to the production of grand architecture, as well as the various clay and brick decoration techniques and their development from the proto-urban period to the first millennium BCE. This version is archived in the Arab International University (AIU) repository for open access and dissemination purposes. The content of this paper has not been modified from the original publication. For more information, please visit the official repository of Arab International University (AIU): https://www.aiu.edu.sy