Variable Name Category Description Scale / Unit Source Basis Firm_ID Identifier Unique firm code CN-XXXX Simulated Panel Year Identifier Observation year 2015–2025 Time Period Sector Identifier Manufacturing sub-sector Categorical (6 sectors) China NBS Province Identifier Chinese province Categorical (6) China NBS Ownership_Type Identifier Ownership structure Categorical (4 types) CSMAR / WIND Firm_Size Control Firm size category Small/Medium/Large MoF China Firm_Age_Years Control Years since establishment Integer (years) Registration Data Employees Control Total employees Integer (headcount) Annual Report RD_Intensity_Pct Control R&D expenditure as % of revenue % (0.5–12.0) Annual Report Leverage_Ratio Control Total debt / Total assets Ratio (0–1) Financial Statement DC_Sensing Dynamic Capabilities Ability to sense market opportunities 1–7 Likert Teece (2007); Wang & Ahmed (2007) DC_Seizing Dynamic Capabilities Ability to seize opportunities 1–7 Likert Teece (2007) DC_Reconfiguring Dynamic Capabilities Ability to reconfigure resources 1–7 Likert Teece (2007) DC_Composite Dynamic Capabilities Average of 3 DC dimensions 1–7 Likert Computed BMI_Value_Creation Business Model Innovation Novelty in value creation mechanisms 1–7 Likert Zott & Amit (2010) BMI_Value_Delivery Business Model Innovation Innovation in value delivery channels 1–7 Likert Zott & Amit (2010) BMI_Value_Capture Business Model Innovation New revenue/profit capture mechanisms 1–7 Likert Zott & Amit (2010) BMI_Composite Business Model Innovation Average of 3 BMI dimensions 1–7 Likert Computed OS_Economic Organizational Sustainability Economic performance & resilience 1–7 Likert Elkington (1997); GRI OS_Environmental Organizational Sustainability Environmental practices & footprint 1–7 Likert GRI Standards OS_Social Organizational Sustainability Social responsibility & stakeholder mgmt 1–7 Likert GRI Standards OS_Composite Organizational Sustainability Average of 3 OS dimensions 1–7 Likert Computed Permit_Delay_Months Institutional Constraints Avg months to obtain business permits Integer (months) World Bank Doing Business Competitive_Pressure Institutional Constraints Perceived competitive intensity in market 1–7 Likert Porter (1980) Regulatory_Burden Institutional Constraints Perceived regulatory compliance burden 1–7 Likert WEF Global Competitiveness