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Doctoral thesis . 2026
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Thesis . 2026
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Thesis . 2026
License: CC BY NC SA
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Revisión Sistemática de Avances Neurocientíficos en Alta Capacidad Intelectual (ACI) 2015-2025

Revisió sistemàtica d'avanços neurocientífics en Alta Capacitat Intel·lectual (ACI) 2015-2025
Authors: Bueno Martín, Antonio;

Revisión Sistemática de Avances Neurocientíficos en Alta Capacidad Intelectual (ACI) 2015-2025

Abstract

Esta revisión sistemática examina los mecanismos neurobiológicos subyacentes a la alta capacidad intelectual (ACI) integrando perspectivas de la psicobiología y la neurociencia cognitiva. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en tres bases de datos (PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus) durante diciembre de 2025, identificando 2102 registros que combinaban criterios explícitos de ACI con técnicas neurobiológicas cuantitativas. Tras aplicar criterios PICO estrictos, se incluyeron 36 estudios empíricos centrales (PRISMA-S) complementados con 12 estudios mediante búsqueda en cadena (snowballing). Los hallazgos convergen en tres dimensiones neurobiológicas diferenciadas: (1) eficiencia neural, entendida como un procesamiento cerebral optimizado mediante dendritas piramidales de mayor tamaño y cinética acelerada, que permite un menor consumo energético; (2) morfología cortical diferenciada, caracterizada por patrones específicos de grosor y superficie en redes frontoparietales y el sistema por defecto, lo que sugiere una maduración cortical asíncrona pero altamente funcional; y (3) reconfigurabilidad dinámica superior, evidenciada por transiciones más rápidas y eficientes entre redes de control ejecutivo y modo por defecto, facilitando la flexibilidad cognitiva. Esta síntesis propone un modelo de arquitectura neural cualitativamente diferente (no "superior" en sentido absoluto) que explica la ACI desde la convergencia de mecanismos neurobiológicos a múltiples niveles de análisis: molecular (cinética neuronal y transmisión sináptica), celular (estructura dendrítica y densidad neuronal), sistémico (conectividad funcional entre redes) y conductual-cognitivo (desempeño en tareas de abstracción, creatividad y flexibilidad mental).

This systematic review examines the neurobiological mechanisms underlying high intellectual ability / giftedness by integrating perspectives from psychobiology and cognitive neuroscience. A systematic search was conducted across three databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus) in December 2025, identifying 2,102 records combining explicit giftedness criteria with quantitative neurobiological techniques. After applying strict PICO criteria, 36 core empirical studies were included, complemented by 12 additional studies through snowballing. The findings converge on three differentiated neurobiological dimensions: (1) neural efficiency, understood as optimized brain processing supported by larger pyramidal dendrites and accelerated kinetics, allowing lower energy consumption; (2) differentiated cortical morphology, characterized by specific patterns of thickness and surface area in frontoparietal networks and the default mode system, suggesting asynchronous but highly functional cortical maturation; and (3) superior dynamic reconfigurability, evidenced by faster and more efficient transitions between executive control and default mode networks, facilitating cognitive flexibility. This synthesis proposes a qualitatively different neural architecture model, not “superior” in an absolute sense, explaining giftedness through the convergence of neurobiological mechanisms across multiple levels of analysis: molecular, cellular, systemic, and behavioral-cognitive.Original language: Spanish.Also available in the UOC O2 repository: https://hdl.handle.net/10609/155121

Aquesta revisió sistemàtica examina els mecanismes neurobiològics subjacents a l’alta capacitat intel·lectual (ACI) integrant perspectives de la psicobiologia i la neurociència cognitiva. Es va dur a terme una cerca sistemàtica en tres bases de dades (PsycINFO, PubMed i Scopus) durant desembre de 2025, identificant 2102 registres que combinaven criteris explícits d’ACI amb tècniques neurobiològiques quantitatives. Després d’aplicar criteris PICO estrictes, es van incloure 36 estudis empírics centrals complementats amb 12 estudis mitjançant cerca en cadena (snowballing). Els resultats convergeixen en tres dimensions neurobiològiques diferenciades: (1) eficiència neural, entesa com un processament cerebral optimitzat mitjançant dendrites piramidals de major mida i cinètica accelerada, que permet un menor consum energètic; (2) morfologia cortical diferenciada, caracteritzada per patrons específics de gruix i superfície en xarxes frontoparietals i en el sistema per defecte, fet que suggereix una maduració cortical asíncrona però altament funcional; i (3) reconfigurabilitat dinàmica superior, evidenciada per transicions més ràpides i eficients entre xarxes de control executiu i mode per defecte, facilitant la flexibilitat cognitiva. Aquesta síntesi proposa un model d’arquitectura neural qualitativament diferent, no “superior” en sentit absolut, que explica l’ACI des de la convergència de mecanismes neurobiològics a múltiples nivells d’anàlisi: molecular, cel·lular, sistèmic i conductual-cognitiu.

Related Organizations
Keywords

HIA, High Intellectual Ability, Cognitive Neuroscience, Intelligence, Neuroimaging, altas capacidades, psychobiology, neural efficiency, giftedness, Alta Capacidad Intelectual

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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