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ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Reflexive Intelligence: Decision-Making in Observer-Participant Environments

Authors: Zhang, Mian; Zhang, Mian;

Reflexive Intelligence: Decision-Making in Observer-Participant Environments

Abstract

We introduce Reflexive Intelligence, a framework for AI decision-making in Observer-Participant Environments (OPEs) — systems where an agent's actions causally alter the environment it seeks to predict. Unlike conventional reinforcement learning benchmarks operating in observer-invariant settings, OPEs are characterized by reflexivity: participant beliefs and actions recursively reshape system dynamics. We formalize this distinction, identify the Reward Interaction Problem in multi-objective GRPO training, and present empirical findings from a financial market implementation using a 3B active-parameter MoE model. Results suggest reflexive reasoning capabilities can be induced through targeted training methodologies even in smaller models, with implications for AI deployment in financial markets, policy systems, and social platforms.

Keywords

observer effect, reinforcement learning, multi-objective optimization, reflexivity, financial markets, decision making

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green