This article examines the anatomy of the coronary arteries of the heart and their clinical significance. The study is based on the analysis of Uzbek, Russian, and English-language anatomical and clinically oriented literature. Special attention is given to the origin, course, main branches, blood supply territories, coronary dominance, anatomical variations, and their role in cardiovascular pathology. The findings show that the left coronary artery, especially the left anterior descending branch, has major functional importance due to its extensive myocardial supply. The right coronary artery also plays an essential role in supplying the right heart and elements of the cardiac conduction system. The review confirms that detailed knowledge of coronary artery anatomy is crucial for understanding ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and for improving diagnostic and surgical practice in cardiology and cardiovascular medicine.