India's urban road network serves over 500 million urban residents across 4,700 cities and towns, carrying traffic volumes that in major metropolitan areas routinely exceed design capacity — manifesting as congestion-induced productivity losses estimated at ₹1.47 lakh crore annually for the top eight cities (RITES 2023 Urban Transport Survey). The three interconnected challenges of traffic signal optimisation to reduce intersection delay, pavement design optimisation to reduce lifecycle maintenance cost, and transport decarbonisation to meet India's NDC commitments jointly define the urban transport engineering research agenda that this paper addresses. On signal optimisation, a Reinforcement Learning-based Adaptive Signal Control (RLASC) algorithm is compared against Webster's fixed-timing method and actuated control across four Chennai intersection types using field-calibrated SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) models, demonstrating 28% reduction in average vehicle delay and 19% reduction in fuel consumption at moderate v/c ratios. On pavement performance, an accelerated pavement testing study compares conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), crumb rubber-modified bitumen (CRMB), and warm mix asphalt additive-modified HMA under one million Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) cycles using a Linear Kneading Compactor, with rut depth, fatigue crack initiation cycles, and Marshall stability as performance metrics. On decarbonisation, three scenarios — business-as-usual, full EV transition, and mixed modal shift — are modelled for the 2015-2030 period using India's TIMES energy system model calibrated to Chennai Metropolitan Area transport statistics.