This article examines the anatomical structure of the retinal layers and their functional significance in visual perception. The study is based on the analysis of anatomical, histological, and clinically oriented literature in Uzbek, Russian, and English. Special attention is given to the layered organization of the retina, including the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor layer, nuclear and plexiform layers, ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer, and inner limiting membrane. The review shows that each retinal layer has a distinct structural and physiological role in the reception, processing, integration, and transmission of visual information. Outer layers are mainly involved in photoreception and metabolic support, middle layers in synaptic interaction and signal modulation, and inner layers in the conduction of visual impulses toward the optic nerve. The article also emphasizes the clinical relevance of retinal microanatomy in understanding retinal degeneration, vascular disorders, and other ophthalmic diseases. Detailed knowledge of retinal layers is important not only for anatomy and histology, but also for ophthalmology, neurology, and modern diagnostic practice.