Major Evolutionary Transitions (METs), in which previously independent entities merge into higher-level individuals with emergent capabilities, represent the most consequential events in the history of life. We propose that METs are driven by two coupled feedback loops: the Vulnerability-Cooperation Paradox and the Scale-Communication Challenge. We demonstrate that these loops operate across gene consolidation, endosymbiosis, multicellularity, colonial integration, and human civilization. We derive an 8-stage communication sequence, use ant colonies as a comparative case study, present negative cases, and propose coupled dynamical equations with testable predictions. Includes 7 figures with ODE analysis.