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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Soliton as True Ground State: Lattice Evidence from 4D Path Integral Vacuum Subtraction

Authors: Novickis, Alexander;

Soliton as True Ground State: Lattice Evidence from 4D Path Integral Vacuum Subtraction

Abstract

Abstract We present a 4D Euclidean lattice path integral computation for the Faddeev-Niemi Hopf field theory with per-site topology constraint, measuring the vacuum-subtracted soliton energy across five lattice sizes $N^3 \times 16$ ($N = 16, 20, 24, 32, 40$) at couplings $\beta = \kappa = 10, 20, 50$. The vacuum-subtracted energy $E_\text{sol} = E(H{=}1) - E(H{=}0)$ is positive at $N = 16$ (finite-volume artifact) but negative for $N \geq 20$, reaching $-124.73 \pm 2.63$ at $N = 40$ ($47\sigma$). Raw energies scale as $E(H{=}1) \sim 0.333 N^2$ and $E(H{=}0) \sim 0.507 N^2$ --- the unconstrained vacuum grows 52% faster than the topologically constrained soliton sector. At $N = 32$, the soliton sector is the ground state at all three couplings ($27\sigma$ at $\beta = 10$, $48\sigma$ at $\beta = 20$, $84\sigma$ at $\beta = 50$). A continuum extrapolation yields $\Delta E(\beta \to \infty) = -2.78$, confirming the ground state ordering survives the continuum limit. The $H = 1$ topological sector is the true ground state of the Faddeev-Niemi theory: the per-site Hopf charge constraint organizes quantum fluctuations, reducing the free energy below the unconstrained vacuum. This is the lattice analogue of topological order. The result resolves the $F_2$ saddle-point problem that has been the central open question of the soliton programme. Type Preprint License CC BY 4.0 Date 2026-04-05 Subject Theoretical Physics DOI 10.5281/zenodo.19430204 © 2026 Alexander Novickis. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

Keywords

topological soliton, Hopf fibration

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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