This article examines the theoretical foundations and modern methods of discourse analysis within the framework of text linguistics. The study explores the concept of discourse from linguistic, pragmatic, and cognitive perspectives, highlighting its distinction from the notion of text. Particular attention is paid to contemporary analytical approaches, including pragmatic analysis, cognitive discourse analysis, sociolinguistic methods, and corpus-based techniques. The research aims to identify the role of discourse analysis in modern linguistics and its significance in understanding communication processes. The findings demonstrate that discourse analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of language as a dynamic and socially embedded phenomenon.