This article explores the transformation of educational institution governance through the lens of modern economic and management theories. In the current globalized landscape, education is increasingly viewed as a non-material sector of the economy responsible for the reproduction of human capital. This study employs a comparative analysis of management practices in Finland, South Korea, and the United States, alongside implications for developing systems like Uzbekistan. The research focuses on the transition from traditional bureaucratic models to advanced paradigms such as School-Based Management (SBM), Total Quality Management (TQM), and data-driven digital governance. Utilizing findings from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stakeholder Theory, the article evaluates how efficiency, resource optimization, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) influence institutional effectiveness. The results indicate that while resource availability is a necessary condition, the "how" of resource utilization—mediated by strategic leadership and digital integration—is the primary determinant of service quality. The study concludes with practical recommendations for developing nations to bridge the gap between policy formulation and implementation through decentralized autonomy and enhanced financial accountability.