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Preprint . 2026
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
Data sources: Datacite
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Redshift in Energy-Efficiency Theory: A Qualitative Interpretation

Authors: Yang, Hongpu;

Redshift in Energy-Efficiency Theory: A Qualitative Interpretation

Abstract

Redshift is one of the most fundamental observational phenomena in physics. In Energy-Efficiency Theory (EET), we interpret redshift as a projection of constrained-state energy distribution onto observed space. Starting from the three axioms, we define the constrained potential \(\mathcal{U}(\mathbf{r})\) as the spatial density of constrained-state energy. In the weak-field, static limit, the gravitational potential is given by \(\Phi(\mathbf{r}) = -G \int \mathcal{U}(\mathbf{r}')/|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|\,d^3r'\). The standard redshift formula \(1+z = \sqrt{g_{00}(R)/g_{00}(E)}\) with \(g_{00}=1+2\Phi/c^2\) follows from the concept of observed space. We show that for spherically symmetric objects, the exterior gravitational field is uniquely determined by the total mass, in agreement with Birkhoff's theorem; therefore EET and general relativity give identical predictions in this case. For non-spherical systems (e.g., rotating neutron stars, binary mergers), small corrections may arise from higher multipole moments. These possibilities are discussed qualitatively as directions for future quantitative study. This paper provides an energy-ontological foundation for redshift without claiming new empirical predictions; it serves as a conceptual anchor within the EET framework.

Keywords

constrained-state energy, Energy-Efficiency Theory, general relativity, Birkhoff's theorem, redshift

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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Average
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