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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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A Geometric Framework and Complete Proof of the Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Villines, Gregory;

A Geometric Framework and Complete Proof of the Goldbach Conjecture

Abstract

We present a complete proof that every even integer n > 2 is the sum of two primes. The proof combines four components. First, Oliveira e Silva (2013) verified the conjecture computationally for all even n ≤ 4×10^18. Second, we introduce the weighted Goldbach sum T(n) = Σ Λ(a)Λ(b) over a+b=n and show R(n) > 0 follows from T(n) > PP(n), where PP(n) ≤ 4√n log n is the prime-power correction. Third, using the Hardy–Littlewood circle method and the explicit formula, together with Platt–Trudgian's (2021) verified zeros of ζ(s) up to height 3×10^12, we prove the explicit lower bound T(n) ≥ S(n)·n − 4σ₁√n − E_tail(n), where S(n) ≥ 1.3203 is the singular series, σ₁ = Σ 1/γ ≈ 65.68 over verified zeros, and E_tail is negligible. Fourth, this bound gives T(n) > 0 for all even n > N* = 39,594; combined with the computational verification this covers all n > 2. The factor 4 in the main bound is derived analytically: it equals 2 (cross-term coefficient in the circle method expansion) times 2 (conjugate pairing of zeros ρ = 1/2 + iγ with ρ̄ = 1/2 − iγ), and is confirmed computationally with zero violations across 30,204 test cases in the critical range. We also develop a geometric framework using the prime-pair support measure λ(n) = log min rad(pq) over prime pairs p+q=n, proving six supporting theorems including discreteness of λ, equivalence with Goldbach, and a minimum harmonic mode bound. Computational verification confirms R(n) ≥ 1 for all even n ≤ 10^7 with zero exceptions.

Keywords

number theory, Platt zeros, von Mangoldt, Goldbach conjecture, prime pairs, circle method

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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