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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Rethinking the Particle: Proton Knots and Electron Sheaths

Authors: Fairbanks, Robert;

Rethinking the Particle: Proton Knots and Electron Sheaths

Abstract

This paper presents a structural interpretation of fundamental particles within a tension-based framework of spacetime. Rather than treating particles as point-like entities or excitations of independent fields, the model considers them as stable configurations arising from localized organization within a continuous medium. Within this framework, the proton is interpreted as a coherent topological structure, while the electron is described as a surrounding sheath that defines the boundary of interaction and response. This configuration provides a unified description of particle stability, charge behavior, and interaction, emphasizing the role of geometry and coherence rather than discrete particle properties alone. The model explores how structural organization determines particle behavior, including stability, interaction, and response to external conditions. By treating particles as bound configurations within a structured medium, the approach provides a consistent basis for linking particle properties to larger-scale physical behavior.

Keywords

Single Force Theory, astrophysics, spacetime structure, particle structure, electron behavior, Cosmic Seed Theory, tension-based physics, cosmology, proton structure

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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