This article analyzes the psychological-pedagogical essence of the competencies of cognitive perception of professional knowledge and their scientific-theoretical foundations. The role of cognitive processes - perception, thinking, memory and attention in professional activity is highlighted, and the mechanisms of their development are revealed. Also, the importance of modern pedagogical approaches and innovative methods in the effective assimilation of professional knowledge by students in the educational process is substantiated. The article explains the content of the competency-based approach, its psychological factors and impact on personal development. It is emphasized that the formation of cognitive competencies increases students' independent thinking, ability to solve problem situations, and professional flexibility. The results of the study have important theoretical and practical significance in improving the quality of education.