Abstract The given study aimed to examine the relationship between empathy, aggression and cultural conditioning among Indian adults. A sample of 114 individuals between 18-60 participated in this study. Empathy and aggression are two fundamental aspects of human social behavior. Empathy promotes prosocial behavior, while on the other hand, aggression reflects the difficulties in emotional regulation and can disrupt interpersonal relationships. Cultural conditioning, through shared values and beliefs, shapes how individuals express emotions and interact socially (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) In the Indian context, Cultural values can influence the relationship between empathy and aggression. It may either reinforce or buffer aggressive tendencies. Hence it is very important to study the inter-relationship between these variables in order to understand their interconnected role in shaping human behavior. Empathy, aggression and cultural conditioning were measured using the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) and Asian Values Scale–Revised (AVS-R). SPSS (version 30) was used for the data analysis of the questionnaires. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between empathy and aggression (r = −0.551, p < 0.001), and aggression and cultural values (r = −0.409, p < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between empathy and cultural values (r = 0.088, p = 0.323). Moderation analysis showed a significant interaction effect showing that cultural values moderated the relation between empathy and aggression. The conclusion to be drawn is that empathy, aggression and cultural conditioning are deeply intertwined. In promoting understanding of these psychological variables within the context of India and its cultural conditioning, the study adds to the research landscape for the use of culturally sensitive approaches to reduce aggression and promote prosocial behaviour.