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ZENODO
Article . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Article . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Article . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Computational Evidence for Spirulina–Moringa Phytochemical Chemosensitization of Pancreatic Cancer: An Integrative Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Transcriptomic Study

Authors: Rai, Ankush; Jain, Kamal;

Computational Evidence for Spirulina–Moringa Phytochemical Chemosensitization of Pancreatic Cancer: An Integrative Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Transcriptomic Study

Abstract

Background and Aim. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits nearuniversalFOLFIRINOX chemoresistance driven by constitutive NF-κB activation,mTOR-mediated autophagy suppression, and P-glycoprotein drug efflux. Thisstudy computationally evaluates whether phytochemicals from Spirulina platensis(Arthrospira platensis Gomont, Oscillatoriaceae) and Moringa oleifera Lam.(Moringaceae) represent candidate chemosensitisation agents for KRASG12D-mutantPDAC, generating specific testable hypotheses for subsequent experimental validation.Methods. An eight-layer computational pipeline was deployed: ADMET/Lipinski/QED filtering, compound–target–disease network pharmacology, PPIhub gene identification, AutoDock-GPU v1.6 molecular docking (Lamarckian GeneticAlgorithm), 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation with MM-PBSA, Bliss/Loewe/ZIPsynergy modelling, Boolean/ODE pathway simulation with rule-perturbation sensitivityanalysis, and TCGA-PAAD transcriptomic target validation with GATA6subtype stratification.Results. Nine drug-like compounds target 30 PDAC disease genes (96.8% overlap;Monte Carlo randomisation p < 10−4, 184-fold enrichment). NF-κB1 emerged asthe dominant hub (degree = 10). AutoDock-GPU validated β-sitosterol binding toEGFR (ΔG = −7.98 kcal/mol) and NF-κB p65/RELA (−7.70 kcal/mol). The triplecombination achieved 87.9% predicted cell death versus 83.3% for FOLFIRINOXalone (Boolean model robust under 66.4% of permuted rule sets). Hub targets arespecifically hyper-activated in FOLFIRINOX-resistant basal-like PDAC (enrichmentp = 2.94×10−74). Bioavailability-adjusted scoring identifies niazimicin (Foral = 45%)as the most pharmacologically realistic lead.Conclusions. Computational evidence supports a “three-pronged siege” hypothesisin which Spirulina and Moringa phytochemicals may modulate PDAC resistancepathways. A 48–72 h Moringa washout protocol is proposed to mitigate the identifiedCYP3A4–irinotecan herb–drug interaction. These predictions warrant experimentalvalidation in PANC-1 models before any clinical extrapolation.Keywords: pancreatic cancer · network pharmacology · molecular docking · Spirulinaplatensis · Moringa oleifera · FOLFIRINOX

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Keywords

FOLFIRINOX, Spirulina platensis, Pancreatic cancer, Moringa oleifera/poisoning, Molecular Docking Simulation/statistics & numerical data, Molecular Docking Simulation/statistics &amp; numerical data, Network Pharmacology/statistics &amp; numerical data, Network Pharmacology/statistics & numerical data

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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