In the context of Vietnam’s socialist-oriented market economy, social security law plays a crucial role in ensuring social protection, promoting social equity, and supporting inclusive and sustainable development. This article examines the role of the legal framework governing social security in Vietnam and analyzes the major legal challenges facing the current system. Based on a review of theoretical perspectives and practical developments, the study identifies several key issues, including the limited coverage of the social security system, the fragmentation and insufficient coordination among social security policies, and the slow adaptation of the legal framework to the evolving context of the digital economy and emerging forms of employment. Drawing on legal analysis and policy review, the article proposes several directions for improving social security law, particularly through the development of a multi-tier, inclusive, and sustainable social security system. These reforms are expected to strengthen social protection, enhance policy coherence, and contribute to the promotion of social justice and sustainable national development in Vietnam.