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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Nord v4.2: Brain-Inspired Spiking Neural Network Language Model with Emergent Zonal Specialization at 618M Scale

Authors: Makarenko, Volodymyr;

Nord v4.2: Brain-Inspired Spiking Neural Network Language Model with Emergent Zonal Specialization at 618M Scale

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) based on the Transformer architecture have demonstratedremarkable capabilities in natural language processing. However, these models activate 100% ofparameters for every input token, leading to high computational and energy costs. Spiking NeuralNetworks (SNNs), inspired by biological neural computation, offer a fundamentally differentapproach: neurons communicate through discrete binary spikes, and most neurons remain silentmost of the time.Several SNN language models have been proposed. SpikeGPT (Zhu et al., 2023) demonstratedlanguage generation at 216M parameters using an RWKV-based architecture. BrainTransformers(LumenScope, 2024) achieved competitive benchmark scores at 3B parameters using anANN-to-SNN training pipeline. SpikeLLM converts pretrained LLaMA weights to spiking form.However, none of these architectures exhibit emergent functional specialization of architecturalzones during training.Nord v4.2 introduces a zonal SNN architecture where Sensory, Association, Memory, and Executivezones develop functionally distinct firing rate patterns from uniform initialization through standardgradient-based training with spike homeostasis regulation. This emergent self-organization mirrorsbiological cortical organization, where prefrontal cortex exhibits higher baseline firing rates thanprimary sensory cortex (Mountcastle, 1997).

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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