Abstract Periodontal disease encompasses inflammatory conditions affecting the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone1. It is initiated by a complex microbial biofilm and influenced by host immune responses and environmental factors2. Although scaling and root planing (SRP) remains the cornerstone of periodontal therapy3, adjunctive antimicrobial therapy is indicated in certain clinical situations to enhance clinical outcomes4. Locally or systemically delivered antimicrobial agents suppress periodontal pathogens, reduce inflammation, and promote periodontal healing5. This article reviews the rationale, classification, indications, and mechanisms of action, clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and adverse effects of antimicrobial therapy in periodontics, with an emphasis on evidence-based practice.