The Conscious Fossil framework proposes that every human mind is a geological formation — a layered structure whose expressions preserve the structural record of every environment the mind grew through, including environments that no longer exist. Drawing on evolutionary neuroscience, comparative cognitive psychology, epigenetics, paleoanthropology, and cultural evolution research, the framework maps eight stratigraphic layers spanning from pre-vertebrate hierarchy architecture (350+ million years old) through individual developmental encoding and cultural trellis formation. It proposes a stratigraphic reading methodology in which automatic expressions, humor, aesthetic reactions, and pathological signatures are treated as fossil exposures — localized windows into buried architectural layers. The paper further develops a cognitive surplus sequence, arguing that environmental stabilization across human history has predictably released cognitive capacity toward successive domains of incomprehensibility, from animal behavior through stellar observation, mathematics, natural philosophy, and finally the nature of mind itself. Civilizational collapse is reframed as reverse stratigraphy — a natural experiment revealing which cognitive layers are archive-dependent and which survive the thinning of the cultural trellis. The tool-mind feedback loop is identified as the origin of self-directed cognitive evolution, with bootstrapping events (language, writing, mathematics, the scientific method, artificial intelligence) each initiating a new cycle at higher intensity. The framework does not propose new biological mechanisms but offers a coherent reading instrument for organizing existing findings across disciplines into a single interpretive structure with testable predictions.