Throughout different periods of history, certain individuals have attracted greater attention than others due to their superior performance. Curiosity about what makes these performances more successful than others has led to the emergence of expertise science. The mechanisms underlying skill development in individuals who demonstrate superior performance across various fields have become a focal point for researchers. Electronic sports have recently become one of the topics examined within the framework of expertise science. As evidenced by numerous e-sport organizations since 2017, e-sports represent a new sporting domain watched annually by approximately 380 million people. However, research aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the superior performance of elite e-sport players has not yet reached maturity. Existing studies in e-sports primarily seek to clarify the position of e-sports alongside traditional sports. In this review, the definition of e-sports and emerging studies within the field of expertise have been evaluated. An examination of the literature indicates that there are differences between professional and amateur e-sport players in several cognitive functions, such as attention and working memory. The present study compiles research investigating the cognitive functions of e-sport experts.