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Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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N-body Simulations with a Gravitating Vacuum: Testing the Void–Cluster Model Against Structure Formation Data

Authors: Kriger, Boris;

N-body Simulations with a Gravitating Vacuum: Testing the Void–Cluster Model Against Structure Formation Data

Abstract

This paper presents the first particle-mesh N-body simulations of the gravitating vacuum model, in which quantum vacuum energy gravitates locally through the ansatz ρ_vac(ρ_m) = Λ₀ − α·ρ_m, modifying the Poisson equation to ∇²Φ = 4πG(1+2α)ρ_m in overdense regions while keeping the background Friedmann equation identical to ΛCDM. The code is verified against ΛCDM at α = 0, and simulations are run for five values of α at 32³ and 64³ resolution with convergence analysis. THE CENTRAL DISCOVERY: NONLINEAR SCREENING The simulations revealed an effect that was not predicted by the linear perturbation theory of Paper #8: nonlinear self-screening of the gravitational modification. Linear theory predicted that α = +0.03 would enhance σ₈ by +35% relative to ΛCDM. The N-body simulation measured only +9.3% — a factor of ~3× suppression. For α = −0.003, linear theory predicted −2.9%; the simulation gave −0.9%. This is not a numerical artifact or a parameter adjustment. It is a direct, unavoidable consequence of the model's own physics. The mechanism is simple and robust: the modification G_eff = G(1+2α) applies only in overdense regions (δ > 0). In the early universe, the density field is nearly homogeneous — almost every point is near δ ≈ 0, and the modification acts on all matter, just as linear theory assumes. But as structure grows, overdense regions collapse into filaments and halos that occupy an ever-shrinking fraction of the total volume, while voids — where gravity is standard, unmodified — expand to fill the majority of space. By z = 0, the gravitational modification is effectively locked inside dense structures that occupy perhaps 20–30% of the volume. The volume-averaged σ₈ statistic, which integrates over 8 h⁻¹ Mpc spheres containing a mixture of voids and halos, dilutes the modification by the large void fraction. The model screens itself. Nobody designed this into the ansatz. It emerged from the simulation. When a model makes an unexpected, nontrivial prediction that the author did not anticipate — that is a good sign. It means the model has internal structure beyond what was put in by hand. RESOLUTION OF THE JWST–S₈ DUALITY Paper #8 identified a fundamental problem: the sign of α that resolves the S₈ tension (α 0 (constant, unchanging). At high redshift (z > 5), the universe is nearly homogeneous. The modification (1+2α) applies to essentially all matter. Growth is enhanced close to the full linear-theory prediction: D/D_ΛCDM ≈ 1 + 3α at z = 10. This is the regime relevant for JWST: massive galaxies form more efficiently because gravity is stronger everywhere. At low redshift (z 0.2 h/Mpc (nonlinear regime). This specific shape — no turnover at high k — distinguishes the model from f(R) gravity (chameleon screening) and DGP (Vainshtein screening) and is testable with Euclid at sub-percent precision. — Convergence study at 32³ and 64³ demonstrating that the σ₈ ratio (the physically meaningful quantity) converges at the ~1.5% level between resolutions, even though absolute σ₈ depends strongly on resolution. — Press–Schechter halo mass function ratios showing mass-dependent enhancement/suppression of cluster abundance, testable with eROSITA, Euclid, and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. — f·σ₈(z) comparison with BOSS, WiggleZ, 6dFGS, and VIPERS data (best fit α = −0.003, Δχ² = −0.16 vs ΛCDM, conditional on fixed Planck cosmology). — Phase transition parameter space (z_c, α_h) mapping — retained as an exploratory scenario, but with reduced motivation given the screening result. — Density field slices from actual simulations showing the cosmic web morphology under modified gravity. — Complete, runnable simulation code provided (Python/NumPy/SciPy), ready to be scaled to production resolution (512³–1024³) on HPC facilities. This paper directly responds to the referee's challenge from Paper #8: "Without N-body simulations or at minimum a halo model treatment, the claim that σ₈ is reduced cannot be evaluated." The simulations have been run. The result was unexpected — and it strengthens the model. Keywords: N-body simulations, vacuum energy, structure formation, S8 tension, nonlinear screening, particle-mesh method, dark energy, growth factor, halo mass function, modified gravity, power spectrum, JWST, cosmic voids Related identifiers: Paper #8: "Structure Growth in the Gravitating Vacuum Model" (predecessor) Monograph: "What If the Vacuum Gravitates Locally?" (full program) License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Paper #9 in the research program "What If the Vacuum Gravitates Locally?"

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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