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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Kernels Might Be What You Need: Efficient Sequence Modeling with K-Operators

Authors: Koneko, Aileen;

Kernels Might Be What You Need: Efficient Sequence Modeling with K-Operators

Abstract

We introduce K-Operators, a kernel-decomposed sequence modeling architecture that replaces attention entirely with structured causal kernel operators. On Tiny Shakespeare character-level modeling, a 1.14M-parameter K-Operators model achieves 4.43 ±0.05 validation perplexity across 7 seeds—approaching the 4.35 PPL of a 10.65M-parameter Transformer baseline (nanoGPT) while using 9.3×fewer parameters and requiring no positional encodings. The architecture decomposes sequence mixing into a hierarchy of operators: K1 layers for position-wise feature mixing, K2 layers for causal sequence interaction via a learned base kernel combined with low-rank gamma-decayed recurrence, and a K0 layer for final rescaling. These are composed into a K-Stack backbone (K1 →K(×N ) 2 →K1 →K0) and refined through a learned iterative equilibrium loop governed by a scalar step-size η. Two interchangeable gamma-decay backends (mask and block) offer different memory/speed trade-offs. Diagnostic analysis reveals interpretable learned dynamics: the model progressively transfers sequence mixing from the initialized base kernel to the adaptive recurrent path, develops per-layer functional specialization, and learns to self-regulate the refinement loop—including robustness to 10×learning rate misspecification via automatic η suppression.

Keywords

Machine Learning

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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