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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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A General Solution to the Flatness Problem

Authors: Dhiraj Kumar Deka;

A General Solution to the Flatness Problem

Abstract

Abstract We present a general solution to the flatness problem by proposing a fundamental mechanical equivalence between mass and space. By treating space and mass as the sole universal identities, we derive a vacuum force $F_0 = 4\pi GM$ and a corresponding minimum acceleration threshold, that is $H_D=4 \pi G$, which is found to be the same as MOND's acceleration $a_0$. This framework establishes a mass-area equivalence $M = 4\pi R_L^2$, leading to a density parameter $\Omega$ that is identically equal to unity ($\Omega = 1$) across cosmic time. Our results naturally recover the Hubble relation and provide a theoretical basis for the observed flat geometry of the universe without requiring inflationary fine-tuning, offering a novel synthesis of gravitational flux and spatial pressure.

Keywords

Flatness Problem, Cosmology

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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