Think-Aloud Protocols (TAPs) are empirical research methods suitable for small-sample longitudinal investigations which have significant application in foreign language translation research. Taking the 2nd and 4th-year English majors of Yancheng Institute of Technology as the object of investigation, this study explores the cognitive processes and translation strategies of foreign language majors. It is concluded that investigating the cognitive processes and translation strategies of foreign language majors through the Think-Aloud Protocols has a very positive significance for improving their translation proficiency.