The aeronautical industry in Portugal plays a significant role in the national economy, contributing to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), generating qualified employment, and driving technological innovation. This sector is considered strategic, as the production of technologically advanced and high value-added goods fosters scientific, technological, and economic development, while also contributing to the wellbeing of society. This study aims to analyse the current state of the aeronautical industry in Portugal, its evolution over the last decade (2014–2024), future perspectives, and its impact on the national economy. The goal is to establish a connection between the past, present, and future of the sector, that represents 1,4% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The study includes a historical contextualization of aviation in Portugal, with a particular focus on the most recent period. The analysis also considers the academic qualifications and diversity of professionals working in the industry, through a mixed methodological approach — both qualitative and quantitative. To this end, a survey was conducted among aeronautical professionals in Portugal, with the purpose of gathering their perceptions regarding the future of the industry, its economic impact, the role of the State, and the integration of emerging technologies, namely Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).