The increasing global demand for poultry products has intensified the use of antibiotics in both commercial and backyard poultry production. This study assessed the types of antibiotics commonly used, knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, and patterns of drug administration among household and backyard poultry keepers in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires (n = 70 households) and supported with secondary data from three veterinary clinics (n = 412 case records, 2021–2023). Broilers were the most commonly reared chicken type (62.9%), followed by local chickens (24.2%) and layers (12.9%). Most respondents (77.1%) practiced intensive management systems, and 91.4% reported using antibiotics. The most frequently used drugs were Amoxycol (71.4%), Gentamicin (12.9%), Oxytetracycline (8.6%), Enrofloxacin (5.7%), and Neomycin (1.4%). While 82.9% of respondents consulted experts prior to administering antibiotics, 17.1% relied on self-administration or non-professional advice. Notably, 68.6% of respondents were aware of antimicrobial resistance, but only 22.9% observed withdrawal periods before selling or consuming poultry meat. The veterinary clinic data showed a similar reliance on Amoxycol (43.2%) and Oxytetracycline (23.3%) for poultry cases. The study highlights both the widespread use of antibiotics and critical gaps in stewardship, particularly regarding withdrawal period compliance. Strengthening farmer education, enforcing veterinary guidelines, and promoting responsible antibiotic use are essential to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance.