Abstract Advances in quantum technologies have prompted renewed interest in computational models that extend beyond the capabilities of classical systems. Quantum computing, grounded in the principles of quantum mechanics, introduces novel mechanisms for information processing that challenge conventional assumptions in computer science. This paper critically examines the role of quantum computing across core computer science domains by integrating foundational theory with application-oriented research. Existing studies in cryptography, optimization, artificial intelligence, database search, and system simulation are analyzed to assess both demonstrated capabilities and practical constraints. The discussion emphasizes the increasing relevance of hybrid quantum–classical approaches in the current technological landscape, while identifying key limitations related to scalability, noise, and algorithmic feasibility. By consolidating theoretical insights with applied perspectives, this work provides a realistic assessment of the present state of quantum computing and outlines research directions essential for its effective integration into future computational systems.