The postpartum period is characterized by profound physiological and neuroendocrine transformations. This transitional phase involves a critical interplay between the establishment of lactation and the mother's psychoemotional state. In clinical practice, lactational insufficiency and perinatal mood disorders frequently co-occur. This article analyzes the psychoemotional changes occurring during lactation, their underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms, and their correlation with breastfeeding failure. Based on a comprehensive review of scientific literature, it is concluded that shared hormonal and neuroregulatory systems participate in the pathogenesis of both lactation and perinatal depression.