Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major hepatological disorder characterized by excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes without significant alcohol consumption. It represents the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting nearly one quarter of the global population. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. This article aims to analyze the pathogenesis, histopathological features, and clinical significance of NAFLD, with emphasis on diagnostic strategies and therapeutic challenges.