This paper examines bank insolvency from a political economy perspective, showing that its dynamics do not depend only on economic variables, but also on the institutional architecture that defines who decides, who bears the costs, and how uncertainty is distributed in society. The analysis proposes an integrated reading of bankruptcy law-aimed at the protection of credit-and banking law-focused on financial stability and the protection of depositors-, highlighting how both regimes overlap and condition each other in crisis contexts. It is argued that this convergence is essential to understanding the specificity of bank failures and constitutes a decisive component of economic policy, influencing the state's ability to prevent instabilities, manage the social costs of collapse, and preserve confidence in the financial system.