This study examines the concentration, composition, sources, and environmental impact of dust particles in Andijan city, Uzbekistan. Airborne particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) was monitored in industrial, traffic-dense, residential, and green areas over one year to evaluate spatial and seasonal variations. Laboratory analysis revealed that dust particles contain silica, carbonaceous matter, and trace heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn). High dust concentrations negatively affect urban vegetation, reduce photosynthetic efficiency, contaminate soils, and pose health risks to the population. The results emphasize the need for integrated urban air quality management and ecological planning to mitigate dust pollution and its adverse effects.