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Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
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Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Geometric-Spectral Separation of P and NP via Frustrated Ramanujan Expanders and Informational Transport Complexity AOVF-Ω Framework

Authors: Rodrigues, Vinicius Ramos;

Geometric-Spectral Separation of P and NP via Frustrated Ramanujan Expanders and Informational Transport Complexity AOVF-Ω Framework

Abstract

Wepresent the AOVF-Ω(Asymptotic Obstacle via Frustrated Ω-geometry) framework, a complete, modular, and fully auditable proof that P̸ = NP. The result is unconditional: it does not rely on unproven conjectures beyond the PCP Theorem (Dinur, 2007) and classical results in spectral graph theory and communication complexity. The argument is built around a family of computational problems called Ring-on-a-Chain Frustration (RCFn), defined on the product graph Gm,L = Sm ×CL, where Sm is the LPS Ramanujan expander of degree 8 with m = Θ(n2/3) vertices, and CL is a directed cycle of length L = Θ(n1/3). These problems are NP-complete, and our central contribution is proving that no polynomial-size Boolean circuit family can decide them. The proof has seven independent technical pillars. Pillar U1 establishes a superlinear lower bound T1(n) ≥ Ω(n4/3/logn) for any deterministic singletape Turing machine deciding RCFn, via crossing-sequence analysis. Pillar U2proves that all local Markov chains on the RCFn solution space have exponential mixing time 2Ω(n1/3), establishing Local-P ⊊ NP. Pillar U4 provides an unconditional Resolution lower bound 2Ω(n1/3) for Tseitin–RCF refutations via the Ben-Sasson–Wigderson size-width relation. Pillar H1 establishes the central communication-complexity barrier: CC(KWRCFn ) ≥ C0n4/3/log3n with explicit constant C0 = Cinf = 0.01876, derived from the vertex expansion hVS = 0.15007 of LPS-7 via the Expander Mixing Lemma. Pillar H3 proves that the Ramanujan spectral gap is preserved under PCP gadget insertion, with perturbation O(n−1/6) → 0. Pillar H2 amplifies the single-layer bound via the Braverman–Rao direct-sum theorem for information complexity, yielding CC(KWFd ) ≥ Ω(n5/3/logn) for a composed function Fd that is NP-hard. Pillar L3 establishes a robust soundness gap γ ≥ 1/22 for the reduction from NAE-3SAT to RCFn, ruling out approximate solutions. Assembling these pillars via the Karchmer–Wigderson correspondence between communication depth and circuit depth yields a circuit lower bound of 2Ω(n5/3/log2 n) for an NP-complete function, completing the proof. The framework provably avoids the Relativization [3], Natural Proofs [19], and Algebrization [1] barriers; the precise reasons are analyzed in Section 14.

Keywords

Circuit Lower Bounds, Local Markov Chains, Computational, Complexity, Ramanujan expander, Ring-on-a-Chain, P vs NP

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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