This article analyzes the role and significance of the Montessori methodology developed by Maria Montessori in the development of preschool children. The theoretical foundations, pedagogical principles and practical aspects of the methodology are considered. Also, its impact on the sensory, speech, intellectual, social and personal development of children is highlighted based on scientific sources. According to the results of the study, the Montessori approach is an effective pedagogical system for ensuring the independence, creativity and socialization of children in preschool age.