The inclusion of persons with intellectual disabilities represents both a social and developmental imperative in India’s ongoing transformation. Despite progressive legislation, policy initiatives, and national programs aimed at empowerment and equality, individuals with intellectual disabilities continue to experience systemic exclusion in education, employment, and social participation. This article critically examines structural and social challenges, persistent barriers, and the gaps in policy implementation, with a particular focus on intellectual disabilities. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of secondary sources, government reports, legislative frameworks and scholarly literature, the study highlights the interplay between individual limitations and societal factors that hinder inclusion. It further explores educational, vocational and technological interventions while analysing state-level initiatives and implementation challenges, with Maharashtra serving as a case study. Finally, the article proposes context-specific strategies for empowerment and inclusion, emphasizing coordinated support systems, attitudinal change, and sustained policy continuity. By situating intellectual disabilities at the centre of India’s developmental agenda, the study underscores the need for a rights-based, participatory approach that transforms inclusion from a policy objective into a lived social reality.