Climate change, pandemic volatility, and structural reforms challenge healthcare resilience. Existing frameworks emphasize infrastructure but underrecognize resident physicians as adaptive agents within a Learning Health System. Based on a thematic synthesis of 20 peer-reviewed studies, this paper proposes a four-component resilience model linking human capital sustainability, clinical quality, climate preparedness, and governance mechanisms. Reduced resident autonomy and burnout threaten long-term institutional learning, while climate change functions as a chronic structural stressor. Healthcare resilience is reconceptualized as a dynamic, learning-oriented process grounded in workforce sustainability.