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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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The PTRR Framework: A Metacognitive Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Automation Bias in AI-Assisted Vulnerability Research

PTRR IEEE AIITA accepted version (not published)
Authors: Salah, Ziad;

The PTRR Framework: A Metacognitive Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Automation Bias in AI-Assisted Vulnerability Research

Abstract

Note: This is the extended technical report and the comprehensive methodological design of the PTRR Framework. This document provides the full derivation, theoretical anchoring, and preliminary validation of the PTRR (Prompts, Time, Results, Rubric) Framework. The study investigates the "Dual-Edge Effect" of Artificial Intelligence in cybersecurity research, specifically focusing on how practitioner expertise moderates cognitive biases like Automation Bias. Drawing on Dual Process Theory and Cognitive Load Theory, this report introduces three novel metrics: Automation Bias Index (ABI): To quantify uncritical reliance on AI outputs. Cognitive Struggle Index (CSI): To measure productive mental effort and hypothesis testing. Tool Integration Intensity Score (TIIS): To evaluate the synergy between traditional security tools and LLMs. Key Highlights of this Version: Full breakdown of the PTRR scoring rubric and operationalized constructs. Detailed case study results (Section 11) showcasing the transition from VDP-level findings to BBP-qualifying Critical vulnerabilities (including DB exposures and ATOs). Complete comparative analysis of performance trajectory before and after the adoption of the PTRR model. In-depth discussion on preserving human accountability when interacting with opaque AI systems.

Keywords

Artificial intelligence, AI-Assisted Security, Cybersecurity, vulnerability research, cognitive bias, Vulnerability Research, Cognitive Psychology, Human-AI Interaction, Vulnerability assessment, Cognitive Load Theory, AI, Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive psychology, LLMs, Automation Bias, Metacognition, Cognitive Training, Metacognition/physiology

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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