The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) is commonly known as a golden age of Islamic civilisation that was characterised by great intellectual, scientific and cultural accomplishments. In this paper, the author discusses the elements that led to the prosperity of knowledge in the Abbasid period, such as political stability, economic prosperity, and deep support of the scholars. It emphasises the evolution of such key areas of science as mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and the improvements in philosophy, theology, literature, and arts. Particular focus is placed on the House of Wisdom and the translation movement that ensured the preservation of the knowledge of Greek, Persian and Indian traditions and their further expansion. The paper also discusses the role of Abbasid intellectual achievements in shaping European scholarship and providing the origins of the Renaissance.