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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Performance and Operational Characteristics of RAG vs MCP Knowledge Access Pipelines in Small LLM Environments

Authors: Jeon, HyunWoo; Kim, Taesung; Kang, Hyun;

Performance and Operational Characteristics of RAG vs MCP Knowledge Access Pipelines in Small LLM Environments

Abstract

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is the standard approach for augmenting LLM knowledge, yet high operational complexity and personnel dependency remain persistent challenges. This study empirically compares RAG and MCP (Model Context Protocol)-based pipelines on 105 Docker documentation queries using Qwen 2.5 7B and Llama 3.1 8B models. Tuned RAG achieves peak accuracy (75.0%), but the 45.6 percentage point gap from naive RAG (29.4%) reveals extreme configuration sensitivity. MCP parallel achieves 64.0% without parameter tuning, while reducing tuning parameters from 9 to 2, failure points from 3 to 1, and eliminating external dependencies beyond the LLM. On 14B models, MCP (73.1%) outscored tuned RAG (66.7%), suggesting a possible tipping point as model capabilities improve. We present quantitative evidence for the performance–operational cost trade-off between RAG and MCP, demonstrating that MCP-inspired architectures constitute a viable alternative where operational simplicity is prioritized.

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Keywords

Model Context Protocol, Knowledge Access Pipeline, Operational Complexity, MCP, Small Language Models, Technical Debt, LLM Evaluation, RAG

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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