This article deeply analyzes the methodological foundations for forming initial scientific concepts and understandings related to biology, geography, physics, and chemistry in primary school students. The main goal of the research is to reveal effective mechanisms for imparting fundamental natural science concepts, considering the cognitive development characteristics of young learners. The article highlights the importance of integrated education principles, effective pedagogical methods (e.g., project-based learning, inquiry-based teaching, game technologies), and modern didactic tools. It also examines innovative approaches in curriculum design, the necessity of enhancing teacher competencies, and formative strategies for knowledge assessment. According to the research findings, teaching natural sciences in primary education serves as a crucial foundation for shaping a scientific worldview in children and fostering their future interest in science.