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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Environment-Dependent Distance Residuals in the Cosmicflows-4 Compendium: A Multi-Method Detection

Authors: Fine, Thomas;

Environment-Dependent Distance Residuals in the Cosmicflows-4 Compendium: A Multi-Method Detection

Abstract

We report the detection of a statistically significant correlation between local galaxy density and distance modulus residuals across multiple photon-based distance indicators in the Cosmicflows-4 (CF4) compendium. Among 12,141 spiral galaxies with Tully-Fisher (TF) measurements, we find a Spearman rank correlation ρ = −0.092 (10.2σ) between 5th-nearest-neighbor angular density and distance residual. The correlation is absent in 22,696 elliptical galaxies measured via the Fundamental Plane (FP): ρ = +0.003 (0.5σ).Critically, the same analysis applied to 880 Type Ia supernovae in CF4 yields ρ = −0.129 (3.8σ, permutation p = 0.0001), confirming the signal in an independent photon-based distance indicator with an independent calibration chain. Five of six photon-based methods in CF4 show a negative density-residual correlation, while the one method containing a geometric observable (FP) shows none. The TF signal survives all robustness tests including redshift subdivision (19/20 fine bins negative, p = 2 × 10⁻⁵), sky-region jackknife (minimum 6.6σ), density-scale independence (k = 3 through 15), bootstrap resampling, permutation testing, and a two-sample KS test (p = 8.3 × 10⁻²⁰). A mock-observer test using the IllustrisTNG TNG300-1 simulation confirms that ΛCDM does not reproduce the observed signal. We parameterize the effect as a modified redshift-scale factor mapping 1 + z_eff = (1 + z_FLRW)(1 + βδ) and measure β_TF = −2.8 × 10⁻⁵ ± 0.8 × 10⁻⁵. The concordance between TF and SN Ia — two completely independent distance indicators — in both sign and magnitude substantially constrains the calibration-systematic interpretation and is consistent with an environment-dependent effect on photon-derived distance indicators.

Keywords

Distance scale, Galaxies: distances and redshifts, Cosmology: observations, Supernove: general, Large-scale structure of universe, Methods: statistical

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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