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Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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The Geometric Origin of Black Holes: Macroscopic Fracture Limits and Topological Punctures

Authors: John Drayton;

The Geometric Origin of Black Holes: Macroscopic Fracture Limits and Topological Punctures

Abstract

This paper resolves the singularity paradox of legacy physics by applying theGeometric Foundation of Knowledge to a 4-dimensional relational architecture.Legacy physics predicts infinite density at the core of a black hole, representing amathematical breakdown. By defining the observable universe as a strictly con-strained 3-dimensional defect manifold (P4i=1 xi = 0), we demonstrate that blackholes are not infinitely dense objects, but macroscopic structural fractures. Utiliz-ing the framework’s seven-stage derivation template, the black hole is classified asa Critical Fracture Limit. When local curvature exceeds the absolute architecturalbound (κmax), the 3D manifold physically tears, severing local tangent vectors andfully exposing the region to the 4D orthogonal substrate.

Keywords

Topological Density Limit, Extreme Adjacency, Singularity Resolution, Black Hole Alternative, 4D Rhombohedral Graph, Defect Manifold Boundary, Geometric Strain

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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