India’s demographic dividend largely depends on the health and productivity of its young working-age population. In recent years, a rapid increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic respiratory disorders has been observed among young Indians, posing a serious challenge to economic growth and workforce efficiency. The present study examines the rising burden of NCDs among young Indians and analyses its implications for India’s demographic dividend. The study is based on secondary data collected from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), World Health Organization (WHO), and National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) reports. A descriptive and analytical approach is adopted to assess trends, risk factors, and socio-economic consequences of NCDs. The analysis reveals a growing prevalence of lifestyle-related NCDs among individuals aged 15–34 years, driven by physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, stress, and substance use. The rising burden of NCDs contributes to reduced labour productivity, increased healthcare expenditure, and premature workforce exit. The study concludes that without early preventive interventions and youth-centric public health policies, India risks underutilizing its demographic dividend. Strengthening preventive healthcare, promoting healthy lifestyles, and integrating NCD prevention into development planning are essential for sustaining long-term economic growth.