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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Spectral Geometry of the Poincaré Homology Sphere: Particle Structure, Gauge Symmetry, and the Proton–Electron Mass Ratio from S³/2I

Authors: Keeble, Clifford;

Spectral Geometry of the Poincaré Homology Sphere: Particle Structure, Gauge Symmetry, and the Proton–Electron Mass Ratio from S³/2I

Abstract

The Poincaré homology sphere S³/2I — the quotient of the 3-sphere by the binary icosahedral group of order 120 — is shown to encode the structure of the four stable particles, the SU(3) gauge group, and the proton–electron mass ratio within a single geometric framework. The Zoll S³ commitment, made independently for cosmological reasons, produces the following results without additional assumptions: (1) de Rham cohomology H^k(S³) assigns four stable particles to the four form degrees, with Poincaré duality enforcing exact charge equality between proton and electron; (2) ℤ-valued cohomology groups guarantee baryon and lepton number conservation as topological invariants; (3) the proton (0-form) is necessarily composite while the electron (3-form) is necessarily elementary; (4) Eisenstein three-phase closure in the quaternion structure of S³ produces the A₂ root system, uniquely determining su(3) and its 8 gluon modes; (5) the Laplacian spectrum of S³/2I has its first excited state at l = 12 with eigenvalue 168 = |PSL(2,7)|, and the mode at l = 42 = V + E has eigenvalue 43² − 1 = 1848, with eigenvalue ratio 11; (6) the physical mass ratio μ = 1848 − 12 = 1836 agrees with 6π⁵ to 0.006%. Each result derives from a different branch of standard mathematics, all converging on one manifold with zero adjustable parameters.

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Keywords

Poincaré homology sphere, spectral geometry, proton-electron mass ratio, binary icosahedral group, SU(3) gauge symmetry, A₂ root system, Eisenstein integers, Hodge star, Poincaré duality, Bootstrap Universe, particle physics, icosahedral symmetry, de Rham cohomology, Laplacian spectrum

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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