This paper presents a systematic comparative analysis between the Surya Siddhanta — an ancient Indian mathematical astronomy text — and modern astrophysical measurements. Five key findings are examined: (1) the Truti time unit precision at microsecond scale, confirmed by GPS relativistic corrections at 99.61% accuracy; (2) the Kalpa cosmic time cycle of 4.32 billion years matching the Solar System age within 5-6%, independently confirmed by three Vedic texts; (3) the cross-cultural significance of the base number 432,000, matching the solar radius within 0.07%; (4) JWST 2025 galaxy rotation data supporting the Kala Chakra cyclic model; and (5) a proposed hypothesis connecting Pitru Devata of Magha Nakshatra to stellar remnants, illustrated by the Vela Pulsar. This is a companion paper to Project Padmanabha: Vedic Cosmology and Modern Physics. All findings are clearly labeled: CONFIRMED, STRONG PARALLEL, THEORETICAL, or HYPOTHESIS. Author: Gayathri Devi Chapati, Independent Researcher, India. ORCID: 0009-0000-1757-1473