Abstract Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) cultivation has emerged as an important component of dryland horticulture in Khandala Tahsil of Satara District, Maharashtra. Over the past two decades, the area under cultivation has expanded considerably due to favourable agro-climatic conditions, government horticulture promotion schemes, and increasing market demand. Despite this expansion, the sector faces multiple constraints that limit productivity and profitability. The present study examines the growth trend of Custard Apple cultivation from 2000–01 to 2019–20 and identifies the major problems encountered by farmers through primary field surveys and secondary data analysis. The findings indicate that climatic variability, particularly uncertain rainfall and extreme temperature fluctuations, significantly affects flowering and fruit setting. Operational challenges such as labour shortages, high wage rates, irregular electricity supply, and water scarcity further constrain timely farm operations. Additionally, excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers and high costs of pesticides increase production expenses and raise sustainability concerns. The study suggests adoption of integrated nutrient and pest management practices, micro-irrigation systems, and improved institutional support to enhance productivity, ensure environmental sustainability, and strengthen the economic viability of Custard Apple cultivation in the region.